A fine may not be imposed on parents whose conscience does not allow them to vaccinate their child, the Czech Constitutional Court has ruled. Until now, such an exemption could be granted only in cases of religious conflict with the government's mandatory vaccination program. According to the court, a parent's conviction against the vaccination program must be shown to be consistent and convincing. Social and familial reasons for a secular objection of conscience must be assessed as well — for example, if an older sibling had experienced adverse reactions or a family case history exists.